Adaptive interleaver for wireless communication systems

ABSTRACT

The described technology is generally directed towards adaptive interleaving in network communications systems based on one or more conditions with respect to user equipment. When conditions such as the speed of the user equipment indicate that performance can be increased by interleaving the data traffic, data is transmitted to the user equipment using an adaptive interleaver in the coding chain of MIMO systems. The adaptive interleaver is not used when conditions indicate performance is unlikely to improve. Adaptive interleaving may be performed in the frequency domain, in the frequency and time domain, or the frequency time and space domain. Multiple interleavers with different interleaving patterns may be used in the frequency domain and in the frequency and time domain. Adaptive interleaving may be based on one or more various criteria corresponding to the condition data received from the user equipment.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of, and claims priority to each of,U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/166,527, filed Oct. 22, 2018,entitled “ADAPTIVE INTERLEAVER FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS,”which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/623,963(now U.S. Pat. No. 10,158,454), filed Jun. 15, 2017, entitled “ADAPTIVEINTERLEAVER FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS,” the entirety of whichapplication is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

In wireless communication systems, MIMO (multiple input, multipleoutput) antenna systems can significantly increase the data carryingcapacity of wireless systems. For these reasons, MIMO is an integralpart of third and fourth generation wireless systems. Fifth generation(5G) access networks, which can also be referred to as New Radio (NR)access networks, will also employ MIMO systems, called massive MIMOsystems (having on the order of hundreds of antennas at the Transmitterside and/Receiver side). With an (N_(t),N_(r)) MIMO system, where N_(t)denotes the number of transmit antennas and Nr denotes the receiveantennas, the peak data rate multiplies with a factor of N_(t) oversingle antenna systems in a rich scattering environment.

While MIMO provides many benefits, the performance of conventional MIMOsystems degrades under certain conditions, including at high userequipment speeds. More particularly, when a mobile device moving at highspeeds, the receiver of a signal is moving in relation to thetransmitter, resulting in the Doppler effect because the frequency ofthe signal is shifted, such that it is perceived to be different at thereceiver than at the transmitter. The performance degradation is severewhen the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is high. If the rank intransmission is high, it is also the case that the SNR is high. For highrank systems, the impact due to mismatch between the transmitter andreceiver channel qualities is severe.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The technology described herein is illustrated by way of example and notlimited in the accompanying figures in which like reference numeralsindicate similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communication system in which anetwork node device (e.g., network node) and user equipment (UE) canimplement various aspects and implementations of the subject disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example message sequence chart between a networknode device and a UE for a closed loop MIMO scheme, including sendingadaptive interleaver data, in accordance with various aspects andimplementations of the subject disclosure.

FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate structures for downlink MIMO Transmission withtwo codewords (applicable to a single codeword), including with use ofan adaptive interleaver, in accordance with various aspects andimplementations of the subject disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example flow diagram of operations of a networknode for turning on or turning off adaptive interleaving, in accordancewith various aspects and implementations of the subject disclosure.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example flow diagram of operations of a userequipment for sending condition data that is evaluated at the networknode for turning on or turning off adaptive interleaving, in accordancewith various aspects and implementations of the subject disclosure.

FIG. 7A illustrates an example flow diagram of operations of a userequipment for with respect to turning on adaptive interleaving, inaccordance with various aspects and implementations of the subjectdisclosure.

FIG. 7B illustrates an example flow diagram of operations of a userequipment for with respect to turning adaptive interleaving, inaccordance with various aspects and implementations of the subjectdisclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example flow diagram of operations of a networknode for using a Doppler metric as a condition decision criterion withrespect to using adaptive interleaving, in accordance with variousaspects and implementations of the subject disclosure.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example flow diagram of operations of a networknode for using any suitable condition metric as a condition decisioncriterion with respect to using adaptive interleaving, in accordancewith various aspects and implementations of the subject disclosure.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example flow diagram of operations of a networknode for using any combination of active conditions as decision criteriawith respect to using adaptive interleaving, in accordance with variousaspects and implementations of the subject disclosure.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example block diagram of an example userequipment that for example can be a mobile handset in accordance withvarious aspects and implementations of the subject disclosure.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example block diagram of a computer that can beoperable to execute processes and methods, in accordance with variousaspects and implementations of the subject disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Briefly, one or more aspects of the technology described herein aregenerally directed towards using an adaptive interleaver in thetransmission coding chain of a network device to improve the performanceof the MIMO systems. The use of an adaptive interleaver provides morediversity gain when the user equipment is moving (with a high Dopplerspeed), that is, the interleaver provides frequency diversity. Wheremultiple interleavers are used as described herein, (e.g., a frequencydomain interleaver may be applied for each orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing, or OFDM, symbol), a different interleave pattern may beused for each interleaver.

In general, the network device communicates interleaver data to the userequipment, which may include the interleaver pattern or patterns. In oneor more implementations, the interleaver data may specify a type ofinterleaver being used, e.g., a frequency domain interleaver, afrequency and time domain interleaver, or a frequency, time and spacedomain interleaver, as described herein.

While an interleaver is able to improve the system performance byproviding diversity, the use of an interleaver in turn introduceslatency. In some scenarios, the diversity gains are negligible. Thus,the technology described herein provides for an adaptive interleaver inwhich the network device instructs the user equipment to switch on theadaptive interleaver (actually the user equipment's de-interleaver) whenconditions indicate that the use of an interleaver likely improvesperformance, and instructs the user equipment to switch off the adaptiveinterleaver when conditions indicate that the use of an interleaver islikely to not improve performance (but rather only introducesundesirable latency).

For simplicity, the non-limiting terms “network device,” “radio networknode” or “network node” may be used herein for any type of network nodethat serves user equipment and/or is connected to other network node(s)or network element(s), or any radio node from where user equipmentreceives signals. Non-limiting examples of radio network nodes are NodeB, base station (BS), multi-standard radio (MSR) node such as MSR BS,gNB, eNode B, network controller, radio network controller (RNC), basestation controller (BSC), relay, donor node controlling relay, basetransceiver station (BTS), access point (AP), transmission points,transmission nodes, RRU, RRH, nodes in distributed antenna system (DAS),and so on.

Similarly for reception the non-limiting term “user equipment” (or “UE”)is used herein. This term refers to any type of wireless device thatcommunicates with a radio network node in a cellular or mobilecommunication system. Non-limiting examples of UE comprise a targetdevice, device to device (D2D) UE, machine type UE or UE capable ofmachine-to-machine (M2M) communication, PDA, Tablet, mobile terminals,smart phone, laptop embedded equipped (LEE), laptop mounted equipment(LME), USB dongles enabled for mobile communications, a computer havingmobile capabilities, a mobile device such as cellular phone, a laptophaving laptop embedded equipment (LEE, such as a mobile broadbandadapter), a tablet computer having a mobile broadband adapter, awearable device, a virtual reality (VR) device, a heads-up display (HUD)device, a smart car, a machine-type communication (MTC) device, and thelike. User equipment UE 102 can also comprise IOT devices thatcommunicate wirelessly, and so on.

Note that the terms element, elements and antenna ports are alsointerchangeably used but carry the same meaning herein. In some cases,more than a single antenna element is mapped to a single antenna port.

It should be understood that any of the examples and terms used hereinare non-limiting. For instance, the examples are based on mmWavespectrum (between 30 gigahertz (GHz) and 300 GHz) communications betweena user equipment exemplified as a smartphone or the like and networkdevice; however virtually any communications devices may benefit fromthe technology described herein, and/or their use in different spectrumsmay likewise benefit. Thus, any of the embodiments, aspects, concepts,structures, functionalities or examples described herein arenon-limiting, and the technology may be used in various ways thatprovide benefits and advantages in radio communications in general.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communication system 100 inaccordance with various aspects and embodiments of the subjecttechnology. In one or more embodiments, the system 100 can comprise oneor more user equipment UEs 102(1)-102(n).

In various embodiments, the system 100 is or comprises a wirelesscommunication network serviced by one or more wireless communicationnetwork providers. In example embodiments, a UE 102 can becommunicatively coupled to the wireless communication network via anetwork node 104. The network node (e.g., network node device) cancommunicate with the user equipment (UE), thus providing connectivitybetween the UE and the wider cellular network.

In example implementations, each UE such as the UE 102(1) is able tosend and/or receive communication data via a wireless link to thenetwork node 104. The dashed arrow lines from the network node 104 tothe UE 102 represent downlink (DL) communications and the solid arrowlines from the UE 102 to the network nodes 104 represents uplink (UL)communications.

The system 100 can further include one or more communication serviceprovider networks 106 that facilitate providing wireless communicationservices to various UEs, including UES 102(1)-102(n), via the networknode 104 and/or various additional network devices (not shown) includedin the one or more communication service provider networks 106. The oneor more communication service provider networks 106 can include varioustypes of disparate networks, including but not limited to: cellularnetworks, femto networks, picocell networks, microcell networks,internet protocol (IP) networks Wi-Fi service networks, broadbandservice network, enterprise networks, cloud based networks, and thelike. For example, in at least one implementation, system 100 can be orinclude a large scale wireless communication network that spans variousgeographic areas. According to this implementation, the one or morecommunication service provider networks 106 can be or include thewireless communication network and/or various additional devices andcomponents of the wireless communication network (e.g., additionalnetwork devices and cell, additional UEs, network server devices, etc.).

The network node 104 can be connected to the one or more communicationservice provider networks 106 via one or more backhaul links 108. Forexample, the one or more backhaul links 108 can comprise wired linkcomponents, such as a T1/E1 phone line, a digital subscriber line (DSL)(e.g., either synchronous or asynchronous), an asymmetric DSL (ADSL), anoptical fiber backbone, a coaxial cable, and the like. The one or morebackhaul links 108 can also include wireless link components, such asbut not limited to, line-of-sight (LOS) or non-LOS links which caninclude terrestrial air-interfaces or deep space links (e.g., satellitecommunication links for navigation).

The wireless communication system 100 can employ various cellularsystems, technologies, and modulation schemes to facilitate wirelessradio communications between devices (e.g., the UE 102 and the networknode 104). While example embodiments might be described for 5G new radio(NR) systems, the embodiments can be applicable to any radio accesstechnology (RAT) or multi-RAT system where the UE operates usingmultiple carriers e.g. LTE FDD/TDD, GSM/GERAN, CDMA2000 etc. Forexample, the system 100 can operate in accordance with global system formobile communications (GSM), universal mobile telecommunications service(UMTS), long term evolution (LTE), LTE frequency division duplexing (LTEFDD, LTE time division duplexing (TDD), high speed packet access (HSPA),code division multiple access (CDMA), wideband CDMA (WCMDA), CDMA2000,time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access(FDMA), multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA),single-carrier code division multiple access (SC-CDMA), single-carrierFDMA (SC-FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM),discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-spread OFDM) single carrierFDMA (SC-FDMA), Filter bank based multi-carrier (FBMC), zero tailDFT-spread-OFDM (ZT DFT-s-OFDM), generalized frequency divisionmultiplexing (GFDM), fixed mobile convergence (FMC), universal fixedmobile convergence (UFMC), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), unique wordDFT-spread OFDM (UW DFT-Spread-OFDM), cyclic prefix OFDM CP-OFDM,resource-block-filtered OFDM, Wi Fi, WLAN, WiMax, and the like. However,various features and functionalities of system 100 are particularlydescribed wherein the devices (e.g., the UEs 102 and the network device104) of system 100 are configured to communicate wireless signals usingone or more multi carrier modulation schemes, wherein data symbols canbe transmitted simultaneously over multiple frequency subcarriers (e.g.,OFDM, CP-OFDM, DFT-spread OFMD, UFMC, FMBC, etc.). The embodiments areapplicable to single carrier as well as to multicarrier (MC) or carrieraggregation (CA) operation of the UE. The term carrier aggregation (CA)is also called (e.g. interchangeably called) “multi-carrier system”,“multi-cell operation”, “multi-carrier operation”, “multi-carrier”transmission and/or reception. Note that some embodiments are alsoapplicable for Multi RAB (radio bearers) on some carriers (that is dataplus speech is simultaneously scheduled).

In various embodiments, the system 100 can be configured to provide andemploy 5G wireless networking features and functionalities. With 5Gnetworks that may use waveforms that split the bandwidth into severalsub-bands, different types of services can be accommodated in differentsub-bands with the most suitable waveform and numerology, leading to animproved spectrum utilization for 5G networks. Notwithstanding, in themmWave spectrum, the millimeter waves have shorter wavelengths relativeto other communications waves, whereby mmWave signals can experiencesevere path loss, penetration loss, and fading. However, the shorterwavelength at mmWave frequencies also allows more antennas to be packedin the same physical dimension, which allows for large-scale spatialmultiplexing and highly directional beamforming.

Performance can be improved if both the transmitter and the receiver areequipped with multiple antennas. Multi-antenna techniques cansignificantly increase the data rates and reliability of a wirelesscommunication system. The use of multiple input multiple output (MIMO)techniques, which was introduced in the third-generation partnershipproject (3GPP) and has been in use (including with LTE), is amulti-antenna technique that can improve the spectral efficiency oftransmissions, thereby significantly boosting the overall data carryingcapacity of wireless systems. The use of multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) techniques can improve mmWave communications; MIMO can be usedfor achieving diversity gain, spatial multiplexing gain and beamforminggain.

Note that using multi-antennas does not always mean that MIMO is beingused. For example, a configuration can have two downlink antennas, andthese two antennas can be used in various ways. In addition to using theantennas in a 2×2 MIMO scheme, the two antennas can also be used in adiversity configuration rather than MIMO configuration. Even withmultiple antennas, a particular scheme might only use one of theantennas (e.g., LTE specification's transmission mode 1, which uses asingle transmission antenna and a single receive antenna). Or, only oneantenna can be used, with various different multiplexing, precodingmethods etc.

The MIMO technique uses a commonly known notation (M×N) to representMIMO configuration in terms number of transmit (M) and receive antennas(N) on one end of the transmission system. The common MIMOconfigurations used for various technologies are: (2×1), (1×2), (2×2),(4×2), (8×2) and (2×4), (4×4), (8×4). The configurations represented by(2×1) and (1×2) are special cases of MIMO known as transmit diversity(or spatial diversity) and receive diversity. In addition to transmitdiversity (or spatial diversity) and receive diversity, other techniquessuch as spatial multiplexing (comprising both open-loop andclosed-loop), beamforming, and codebook-based precoding can also be usedto address issues such as efficiency, interference, and range.

In FIG. 1, as described herein, the network node is configured toprovide a user equipment (e.g., 102(1)) with interleaver data 110, suchas a certain pattern or set of patterns that may need to be used tode-interleave communications. While operating, the user equipment 102(1)is configured to provide condition data 112 to the network node 104. Aswill be understood, the network node evaluates the condition data 112,and based on the evaluation, may provide interleaver instructions 114 tothe user equipment 102(1). For example, if the condition data 112indicates the user equipment has a high Doppler metric relative to athreshold value, the network node 104 may instruct the user equipment102(1) that the network node 104 will be using adaptive interleavertechnology to attempt to improve diversity gain. When the user equipment(e.g., 102(1)) acknowledges the receipt of a “turn on” interleaverinstruction 114, the network node 104 adaptively turns on interleaving,which the user equipment 102(1) already knows how to de-interleave, andwhich in general improves communication performance. If later conditionsindicate that the use of the adaptive interleaver is not beneficial to adesired extent, (but instead only causes increased latency), the networknode 104 may instruct the user equipment 102(1) that the network node104 will no longer be using the adaptive interleaver, whereby upon UEacknowledgement, non-interleaved data is transmitted and received by theUE unless and until instructed otherwise.

In general, antenna mapping, can be described as a mapping from theoutput of the data modulation to the different antenna ports. The inputto the antenna mapping thus consists of the modulation symbols (QPSK,16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM) corresponding to the one or two transport blocks.There is one transport block per transmission time interval (TTI),except for spatial multiplexing, in which case there may be up to twotransport blocks per TTI. The output of the antenna mapping comprises aset of symbols for each antenna port. The symbols of each antenna portare subsequently applied to the OFDM modulator, that is, mapped to thebasic OFDM time-frequency grid corresponding to that antenna port.

Another concept is that of the rank of the transmission. In multipleantenna techniques, the incoming data can be split to be transmittedthrough multiple antennas, wherein each data stream processed andtransmitted through an antenna is referred to as a transmission layer.The number of transmission layers is typically the number of transmitantennas. The data can be split into several parallel streams, whereeach stream contains different information. In another type, theincoming data is duplicated and each antenna transmits the sameinformation. The term spatial layer refers to a data stream thatincludes information not included at the other layers. The rank of thetransmission is equal to the number of spatial layers in an LTE spatialmultiplexing transmission, that is, equals the number of differenttransmission layers transmitted in parallel. Even though the informationin each layer may be manipulated in different ways by mathematicaloperations, when the operations do not change the informationtransmitted, a transmitter can be referred to as operating as a rank-1transmitter. In a multi-antenna transmitter, different pieces ofinformation are transmitted in parallel simultaneously in up to fourdifferent layers; a transmitter transmitting different information inparallel using four layers operates as a rank-4 transmitter.

Various multi-antenna transmit techniques are in existence. FIG. 2illustrates a transaction diagram (e.g., sequence chart) related to onesuch technique involving a closed loop spatial multiplexing scheme thatuses codebook-based precoding; (open loop systems do not requireknowledge of the channel at the transmitter, while closed loop systemsrequire channel knowledge at the transmitter, provided by a feedbackchannel by a UE).

As represented in FIG. 2, a reference signal (also referred to as apilot signal, or pilot) is first sent from the network node 104 to theUE 102, as shown via arrow labeled one (1). From the reference signals,the UE 102 can compute the channel estimates and the parameters neededfor channel state information (CSI) reporting. In LTE, the CSI reportcomprises, for example, the channel quality indicator (CQI), precedingmatrix index (PMI), rank information (RI), and so forth. The CSI reportis sent to the network node via a feedback channel either on a periodicbasis or on demand based CSI (e.g., aperiodic CSI reporting), asrepresented in FIG. 2 via the arrow labeled two (2).

In the network node 104, a network node scheduler uses this informationin choosing the parameters for scheduling of this particular UE 102, asgenerally represented via block 222. The network node 104 sends thescheduling parameters to the UE on the downlink control channel referredto as the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) as generally shownvia the arrow labeled (3 a).

As described herein and as generally represented via the arrow labeled(3 b), in one or more implementations, the network node 104 also sendsinformation to the user equipment 102 that is related to adaptiveinterleaving, referred to herein as adaptive interleaver data. Forexample, consider that one or more different interleaving patterns withcorresponding de-interleaving patterns may be used if and when adaptiveinterleaving is turned on. Such pattern data is thus accessible to theuser equipment before it is needed. Note that it is feasible to havesuch information pre-stored in the user equipment 102 in other ways,e.g., downloaded into erasable ROM once in an initial (typicallyone-time) device configuration operation, whereby the network node 104need only instruct the user equipment 102 to turn on adaptiveinterleaving along with any other parameter, e.g., turn on adaptiveinterleaving using de-interleaving pattern (or pattern set) X.

In any event, once the scheduling and other parameters are accessible tothe user equipment 102, actual data transfer takes place from thenetwork node 104 to the UE (e.g., on the physical downlink sharedchannel (PDSCH)), shown via labeled arrow four (4).

In sum, the network node 104, can transmit a reference signal (RS),which can be beam formed or non-beam formed, to a UE 102. Downlinkreference signals are predefined signals occupying specific resourceelements within the downlink time-frequency grid. The reference signalcan be cell-specific or UE-specific in relation to a profile of the userequipment 102 or some type of mobile identifier. Channel stateinformation reference signals (CSI-RS) are intended to be used byterminals to acquire channel state information (CSI) and beam specificinformation (beam RSRP). In 5G, CSI-RS is UE-specific so it can have asignificantly lower time/frequency density. Demodulation referencesignals (DM-RS), sometimes referred to as UE-specific reference signals,are specifically intended to be used by terminals for channel estimationfor the data channel. The label “UE-specific” relates to the fact thateach demodulation reference signal is intended for channel estimation bya single terminal. That specific reference signal is then onlytransmitted within the resource blocks assigned for data traffic channeltransmission to that terminal. Other reference signals include namelyphase tracking reference signals, multicast-broadcast single-frequencynetwork (MBSFN) signals, and positioning reference signals used forvarious purposes.

Once received, the UE 102 can evaluate the reference signal and computeCSI, which can be transmitted to the network node as CSI feedback (e.g.,a CSI report). The CSI feedback comprises an indicator of channel stateinformation (e.g., known in LTE as a precoding matrix indicator (PMI)),indicator of channel quality (e.g., known in LTE as a channel qualityindicator (CQI)), and an indication of rank (e.g., known in LTE as rankindicator (RI)), each of which is discussed further below. The indicatorof channel state information (e.g., PMI in LTE) can be used forselection of transmission parameters for the different data streamstransmitted between the network node and the UE. In techniques usingcodebook-based precoding, the network node and UE uses differentcodebooks, which can be found in standards specifications, each of whichrelate to different types of MIMO matrices (for example, a codebook ofprecoding matrices for 2×2 MIMO). The codebook is known (contained) atthe node and at the UE, and can contain entries of precoding vectors andmatrices, which are multiplied with the signal in the pre-coding stageof the network node. The decision as to which of these codebook entriesto select is made at the network node based on CSI feedback provided bythe UE, because the CSI is known at the receiver, but not at thetransmitter. Based on the evaluation of the reference signal, the UEtransmits feedback that comprises recommendations for a suitableprecoding matrix out of the appropriate codebook (e.g., points the indexof the precoder in one of the codebook entries). This UE feedbackidentifying the precoding matrix is called the pre-coding matrixindicator (PMI). The UE is thus evaluating which pre-coding matrix wouldbe more suitable for the transmissions between the network node and UE.

Additionally, the CSI feedback also can comprise an indicator of channelquality (e.g., in LTE the channel quality indicator (CQI)), whichindicates the channel quality of the channel between the network nodeand the user equipment for link adaptation on the network side.Depending which value a UE reports, the node transmits data withdifferent transport block sizes. If the node receives a high CQI valuefrom the UE, then it transmits data with larger transport block size,and vice versa.

Also included in the CSI feedback can be the indicator of rank (rankindicator (RI) in LTE terminology), which provides an indication of therank of the channel matrix, wherein the rank is the number of differenttransmission data streams (layers) transmitted in parallel, orconcurrently (in other words, the number of spatial layers), between thenetwork node and the UE, as discussed above. The RI determines theformat of the rest of the CSI reporting messages. As an example, in thecase of LTE, when RI is reported to be 1, the rank-1 codebook PMI willbe transmitted with one CQI, and when RI is 2, a rank 2 codebook PMI andtwo CQIs will be transmitted. Since the RI determines the size of thePMI and CQI, it is separately encoded so the receiver can firstly decodethe RI, and then use it to decode the rest of the CSI (which asmentioned, comprises the PMI and CQI, among other information).Typically, the rank indication feedback to the network node can be usedto select of the transmission layer in downlink data transmission. Forexample, even though a system is configured in transmission mode 3 inthe LTE specifications (or open loop spatial multiplexing) for aparticular UE, and if the same UE reports the indicator of rank value as“1” to the network node, the network node may start sending the data intransmit diversity mode to the UE. If the UE reports a RI of “2,” thenetwork node might start sending the downlink data in MIMO mode (e.g.,transmission mode 3 or transmission mode 4 as described in the LTEspecifications). Typically, when a UE experiences bad signal to noiseratio (SNR) and it would be difficult to decode transmitted downlinkdata, it provides early warning to the network node in the form offeedback by stating the RI value as “1.” When a UE experiences good SNR,then it passes this information to the network node indicating the rankvalue as “2.”

After computing the CSI feedback, the UE 102 can transmit the CSIfeedback, which can be a channel separate from the channel from whichthe reference signal was sent. The network node can process the CSIfeedback to determine transmission scheduling parameters (e.g., downlink(DL) transmission scheduling parameters), which comprise a modulationand coding parameter applicable to modulation and coding of signals bythe network node device particular to the UE 102.

This processing of the CSI feedback by the network node 104, as shown inblock 222 of FIG. 2, can comprise decoding the CSI feedback. The UE candecode the RI and then use the decoded information (for example, theobtained size of the CSI) to decode the remainder of the CSI feedback(e.g., the CQI, PMI, etc.). The network node 104 uses the decoded CSIfeedback to determine a suitable transmission protocol, which cancomprise modulation and coding schemes (MCS) applicable to modulationand coding of the different transmissions between the network node 104and the UE 102, power, physical resource blocks (PRBs), etc.

The network node 104 can transmit the parameters to the UE 102 via adownlink control channel. Thereafter and/or simultaneously, traffic data(e.g., non-control data such as data related to texts, emails, pictures,audio files videos, etc.) can be transferred, via a data trafficchannel, from the network device 104 to the UE 102.

As set forth herein, the performance of closed loop MIMO systems, forexample the system described in FIG. 2, degrades at high UE speeds(e.g., a mobile device moving at high speeds). In one or moreimplementations, in such degraded conditions, the adaptive interleavertechnology described herein operates to improve performance, e.g., byincreasing diversity gain.

FIG. 3 generally shows an example of the transmission side of a MIMOcommunication system with N_(t) transmit antennas. There are either oneor two transport blocks (two are shown in FIG. 3) based on the number oflayers used for data transmission. For example, if the network used morethan four layer transmission, then it uses two transport blocks, whileif the network schedules the UE with less than or equal to four layers,then it uses single transport block. Conventional channel coding 330(1)and 330(2), scrambling 332(1) and 332(2) and modulation mapper 334(1)and 334(2) operations are performed before a layer mapper 336 maps thedata to one or more MIMO layers.

More particularly, once the network decides the number of transportblocks, CRC bits are added to each transport block and passed to thechannel encoder (channel coding 330(1) and 330(2)). Each channel encoderadds parity bits to protect the data. Then each stream is passed througha scrambler/conventional interleaver (332(1) and 332(2) in FIG. 3). Theinterleaver size is controlled by puncturing to increase the data rate.The puncturing is selected by using the information from the feedbackchannel, for example channel state information sent by the receiver. Theinterleaved data is passed through a symbol mapper (modulator) shown inFIG. 3 via modulation mappers 334(1) and 334(2)). The symbol mapper isalso controlled to adapt to information from the feedback channel.

After modulation, the streams are passed through a layer mapper 336 anda precoder 338. The resultant streams are then mapped to the resourceelements (REMs).

If adaptive interleaving is off, in the example implementation of FIG. 3the adaptive interleavers 340(1) and 340(2) are bypassed (as shown viathe dashed arrows), whereby the resource elements are passed though theIFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) modules, with the resultantsymbols mapped to the respective antenna ports for transmission.

If instead adaptive interleaving is on, in the example implementation ofFIG. 3 the data is passed to the adaptive interleavers 340(1) and 340(2)for interleaving (as shown via the solid arrows). Then the interleavedresource elements are passed though the IFFT (Inverse Fast FourierTransform) modules, with the resultant symbols mapped to the respectiveantenna ports for transmission.

An alternative implementation, shown in FIG. 4, has the resourceelements (REMs) passed to adaptive interleavers 440(1) and 440(2) Ifadaptive modulation is off, in the example of FIG. 4 the adaptiveinterleavers do not interleave the data (e.g., the interleaving patternis to use normal indices, e.g., 1-2-3 . . . .) and thus the resourceelements are passed “as is” though the IFFT (Inverse Fast FourierTransform) modules, with the resultant symbols mapped to the respectiveantenna ports for transmission.

If instead adaptive modulation is on, in the example of FIG. 4 theadaptive interleavers interleave the data according to an interleavepattern, whereby the resource elements are passed in an interleavedpattern though the IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) modules, withthe resultant symbols mapped to the respective antenna ports fortransmission. Note that each interleaver in use may use a differentinterleaving pattern.

Each interleaver block represented in FIGS. 3 and 4 can be furtherdivided into a symbol level interleaver for the frequency domain, asymbol level interleaver with time and frequency domain, and a symbollevel interleaver with time, frequency and space.

For a frequency domain interleaver, a symbol interleaver is added oncethe layers are mapped to the resource elements. A frequency domaininterleaver is applied for each OFDM symbol. Thus for example, if thereare 14 OFDM symbols, then 14 interleavers are applied before the IFFT.Note that any or all of the interleaving patterns can be the same ordifferent for each symbol; different interleaving patterns are likely toincrease performance in that if the interleaving pattern is different,then maximum diversity gain can be achieved. Note that in this schemeeach layer needs to have 14 OFDM symbol interleavers, and theinterleaving patterns per each layer can be same or different as that ofthe first layer. Thus, if there is 4-layer transmission, then there are14*4=56 interleavers.

For a frequency and time domain interleaver scheme, an interleaver isadded once the symbols are mapped into the time domain. For example,once the symbols are mapped into frequency, say 14 OFDM symbols, then aninterleaver is applied on the whole block. As a result, only oneinterleaver is needed per each IFFT branch; hence if there is 4-layertransmission, then there are four interleavers. Again, note that theinterleavers can be the same or different for each branch.

For a frequency, time domain and space interleaver scheme, theinterleaver is used between the symbols between the layers within acodeword. Thus, one only one interleaver is used between the layers oncethe symbols are mapped to the frequency domain and then time domain.

Is should be noted that this technology works well with any one of theabove schemes. The network and the UE needs to know the scheme andinterleaving pattern, which for efficiency is preferably done ahead oftime, e.g. as described above the network conveys this information viaRRC signaling. In alternative implementations, the network can indicatethe interleaving pattern via the downlink control channel. These optionsare represented by the operation labeled 502 in FIG. 5. In otheralternative implementations, the network and the UE know thisinterleaving pattern a priori, e.g., via standardization mapping tables.

As described herein, even though the interleaver improves theperformance by providing diversity, this in turn introduces the latencyand in some scenarios the gains from diversity are negligible. In suchscenarios, the network can signal to the UE to switch off theinterleaver, and then bypass interleaving (FIG. 3), or send theinterleaving pattern as normal indices i.e. 1-2-3 . . . (FIG. 4).

As generally represented in the example operations of FIG. 5,exemplified as steps, when UE condition data is received (step 504) atthe network node, the network node evaluates the condition data, (step506) determine whether the condition data warrants the use of aninterleaver (step 508). If so, step 508 branches to step 510, where thenetwork node determines whether an adaptive interleaving is already on.If not, step 512 is executed to send an adaptive interleaver “on”instruction to the user equipment. Step 514 represents waiting until anacknowledgement is received from the UE, and when received, step 516turns on the network nodes adaptive interleaver. Note that if anacknowledgement is not received, or not received within a timeout time,the network node can resend of the instruction or take other actions.

It is also possible that the condition data may indicate that the use ofadaptive interleaving is not desirable, that is, it adds latency withoutproviding acceptable performance improvements. Thus, step 508 mayinstead branch to step 520, such that if the adaptive interleaving isnot already off, step 522 sends an adaptive interleaver “off”instruction to the UE. Step 524 represents waiting for anacknowledgement to be received, at which time the network node turns offthe adaptive interleaver operations. Again, a timeout may be used whenan acknowledgment is not received.

It should be noted that if adaptive interleaving is on, and thecondition data indicates that the performance is still somewhat low, thenetwork node may take additional steps to improve performance. Forexample, in addition to adaptive interleaving, other adjustments to thetransmissions may be made.

FIG. 6 represents operations in the form of example steps that may betaken by user equipment with respect to adaptive de-interleaving,beginning at step 602 where user equipment receives the interleaverdata, e.g., the pattern(s) and scheme to use. At some later time, step604 evaluates whether condition data needs to be sent to the networknode, e.g., periodically, or on request from the network node. If thecondition data needs to be sent, step 606 sends the condition data.

FIG. 7A represents operations in the form of example steps that may betaken by user equipment with respect to turning on adaptivede-interleaving, beginning at step 702 where user equipment receives aninstruction to turn on adaptive interleaving (that is, de-interleavingfrom the perspective of the user equipment). When received andprocessed, step 704 sends the ACK. Step 706 accesses the pattern orpatterns, which are applied at step 708 de-interleave receivedcommunications traffic data.

FIG. 7B represents operations in the form of example steps that may betaken by user equipment with respect to turning off adaptiveinterleaving (that is, de-interleaving from the perspective of the userequipment), beginning at step 702 where user equipment receives aninstruction to turn off adaptive interleaving. When received andprocessed, step 704 sends the ACK. Step 706 turns off the adaptiveinterleaving (de-interleaving) at the user equipment.

As described above, one type of condition data is the Dopplermetric/speed of the UE. The network can estimate the Doppler metric todetermine whether the interleaver is needed for a particular UE not. Forexample, as represented in FIG. 8, once the condition data is received(step 802), the speed or Doppler metric may be computed (step 804). Ifat step 806 the metric/speed D_(m) is greater than a specified thresholdDth, the network node considers that the condition data warrantsadaptive interleaving at step 808, whereby (e.g., via FIG. 5) thenetwork node can inform the UE that it is using an interleaver in thetransmission chain and thus the UE needs to de-interleave when receivingthe data. If not greater than the threshold at step 806, then step 810represents operations for not turning on (or if on, turning off)adaptive interleaving, e.g. via FIG. 5.

Other criteria may be used instead of or in addition to the Dopplermetric. FIG. 9 is a flow diagram similar to FIG. 8 for any genericmetric within the condition data. For brevity, the operations of FIG. 9are not described again; however it is understood that any of thefollowing criteria, as well as other criteria not explicitly describedherein may be used to trigger adaptive interleaving or turn off adaptiveinterleaving.

One such criteria and is the long term signal-to-noise-plus-interferenceratio (SINR) of the UE. To this end, the network node estimates the longterm SINR of the UE two determine whether to use the adaptiveinterleaver or not. For example, if the SINR is less than some thresholdvalue such as 15 dB, the network node can indicate that the interleaveris switched off. Hence the network switches off the interleaver if thelong term SINR is less than the pre-defined threshold. A pre-definedSINR threshold for switching on the interleaver, which may not be thesame as the threshold for switching off the interleaver, may besimilarly used.

Another criterion that may be available from the condition data is thepath loss of the U. Similar to SINR, the network node may indicate tothe UE to switches off the interleaver if the path loss is greater thana pre-defined threshold value (note that path loss is a negative value),and or switch on the interleaver is the past loss is less than apre-defined threshold value.

Transmission rank is another possible criterion. More particularly, itis well known that at low SINRs, the transmission rank is either 1 or 2,and at high SINRs the probability of rank 3 and 4 is higher. Because thegains due to the adaptive interleaver are generally significant only athigh SINR, if the transmission rank is greater than a pre-definedthreshold, then the network switches on the interleaver, else it willcommunicate to the UE to switch off the interleaver. In anotherembodiment, without explicit signaling, the network and UE can have apriori understanding that for low ranks the network does not useinterleaver and for high rank transmission, the network uses aninterleaver.

Resource block/physical resource block utilization and/or trafficpattern condition data are other possible criteria for adaptiveinterleaving. It has been observed that diversity gains are oftennegligible with a lesser number of PRB allocations. For example, whenthe UE is moving with a speed of 3 Kmph, which is typical scenario foreMBB data, it has been observed that there is no gain with theintroduction of a symbol interleaver in the frequency domain. The gainis around 2% at high SNR. The gains are low because, the probability ofthe packet pass is around 95% for slow speed channels, and the frequencydiversity may not provide significant gains at slow speeds. Note thatthe conventional link adaptation is used in this case, i.e., the symbolinterleaver is transparent to the UE for link adaptation. Thus, when theresource block utilization over a period of time is less than apre-defined threshold, then it can be reasonably assumed that theparticular UE does not require much traffic, and the interleaver can beswitched off.

As can be readily appreciated, a combination of any of the abovecriterion may be used to turn on adaptive interleaving and turn off theadaptive interleaving. For example, a consider that an implementationwants to use the Doppler metric, the SINR data and resource blockutilization together to determine the use of adaptive interleaving.Again, different thresholds may be used turning on adaptive interleavingrelative to the thresholds used for turning off the adaptiveinterleaving (e.g., once on).

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram in which the network node may be configured toselectively consider which condition data to use as criteria for theadaptive interleaving for any of j criteria, that is, which conditionsare considered to be active with respect to adaptive interleaving. Step1002 checks whether condition 1 (e.g. the Doppler metric) is active withrespect to being evaluated with respect to adaptive interleaving. If so,step 1004 evaluates the metric for condition 1. If not, this evaluationis skipped. The process continues for any number of possible conditioncriteria, as represented via steps 1008 and 1010. Note that FIG. 10 isan “AND” operation; if any condition is not met, then step 1012 isperformed which considers the condition data to not warrant adaptiveinterleaving such as evaluated at step 508 of FIG. 5. If each conditionis met, step 1014 is instead performed, which considers the conditiondata to warrant adaptive interleaving, and thus turn it on if notalready on.

As can be readily appreciated, and “OR” model is straightforward toimplement and is not separately described except to note that anycondition considered active that also indicates adaptive interleaving isto be turned on is considered to warrant adaptive interleaving. Notethat, for example, that an “OR” model may be used to turn on adaptiveinterleaving while an “AND” model may be used to turn off interleaving,or vice-versa. It is also feasible to use different criteriacombinations for turning on adaptive interleaving versus the criteriaused for turning off adaptive interleaving.

It is also feasible to have a scoring model, in that some conditions maybe considered worse than others with respect to adaptive interleavingusage providing benefits. For example Doppler speed may be given oneweight, path loss another weight, transmission rank another weight, andso on. If the combined score of the weights reaches a threshold, thenadaptive interleaving is turned on, otherwise it is turned off. Again,turning on vs. turning off may have different weights and/or scoringvalues.

Referring now to FIG. 11, illustrated is an example block diagram of anexample mobile handset 1100 operable to engage in a system architecturethat facilitates wireless communications according to one or moreembodiments described herein. Although a mobile handset is illustratedherein, it will be understood that other devices can be a mobile device,and that the mobile handset is merely illustrated to provide context forthe embodiments of the various embodiments described herein. Thefollowing discussion is intended to provide a brief, general descriptionof an example of a suitable environment in which the various embodimentscan be implemented. While the description includes a general context ofcomputer-executable instructions embodied on a machine-readable storagemedium, those skilled in the art will recognize that the innovation alsocan be implemented in combination with other program modules and/or as acombination of hardware and software.

Generally, applications (e.g., program modules) can include routines,programs, components, data structures, etc., that perform particulartasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that the methods described herein canbe practiced with other system configurations, includingsingle-processor or multiprocessor systems, minicomputers, mainframecomputers, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices,microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, and the like,each of which can be operatively coupled to one or more associateddevices

A computing device can typically include a variety of machine-readablemedia. Machine-readable media can be any available media that can beaccessed by the computer and includes both volatile and non-volatilemedia, removable and non-removable media. By way of example and notlimitation, computer-readable media can comprise computer storage mediaand communication media. Computer storage media can include volatileand/or non-volatile media, removable and/or non-removable mediaimplemented in any method or technology for storage of information, suchas computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, orother data. Computer storage media can include, but is not limited to,RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, solid statedrive (SSD) or other solid-state storage technology, Compact Disk ReadOnly Memory (CD ROM), digital video disk (DVD), Blu-ray disk, or otheroptical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic diskstorage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which canbe used to store the desired information and which can be accessed bythe computer. In this regard, the terms “tangible” or “non-transitory”herein as applied to storage, memory or computer-readable media, are tobe understood to exclude only propagating transitory signals per se asmodifiers and do not relinquish rights to all standard storage, memoryor computer-readable media that are not only propagating transitorysignals per se.

Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions,data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated datasignal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includesany information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means asignal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed insuch a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example,and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as awired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such asacoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the anyof the above should also be included within the scope ofcomputer-readable media

The handset includes a processor 1102 for controlling and processing allonboard operations and functions. A memory 1104 interfaces to theprocessor 1102 for storage of data and one or more applications 1106(e.g., a video player software, user feedback component software, etc.).Other applications can include voice recognition of predetermined voicecommands that facilitate initiation of the user feedback signals. Theapplications 1106 can be stored in the memory 1104 and/or in a firmware1108, and executed by the processor 1102 from either or both the memory1104 or/and the firmware 1108. The firmware 1108 can also store startupcode for execution in initializing the handset 1100. A communicationscomponent 1110 interfaces to the processor 1102 to facilitatewired/wireless communication with external systems, e.g., cellularnetworks, VoIP networks, and so on. Here, the communications component1110 can also include a suitable cellular transceiver 1111 (e.g., a GSMtransceiver) and/or an unlicensed transceiver 1113 (e.g., Wi-Fi, WiMax)for corresponding signal communications. The handset 1100 can be adevice such as a cellular telephone, a PDA with mobile communicationscapabilities, and messaging-centric devices. The communicationscomponent 1110 also facilitates communications reception fromterrestrial radio networks (e.g., broadcast), digital satellite radionetworks, and Internet-based radio services networks

The handset 1100 includes a display 1112 for displaying text, images,video, telephony functions (e.g., a Caller ID function), setupfunctions, and for user input. For example, the display 1112 can also bereferred to as a “screen” that can accommodate the presentation ofmultimedia content (e.g., music metadata, messages, wallpaper, graphics,etc.). The display 1112 can also display videos and can facilitate thegeneration, editing and sharing of video quotes. A serial I/O interface1114 is provided in communication with the processor 1102 to facilitatewired and/or wireless serial communications (e.g., USB, and/or IEEE1194) through a hardwire connection, and other serial input devices(e.g., a keyboard, keypad, and mouse). This supports updating andtroubleshooting the handset 1100, for example. Audio capabilities areprovided with an audio I/O component 1116, which can include a speakerfor the output of audio signals related to, for example, indication thatthe user pressed the proper key or key combination to initiate the userfeedback signal. The audio I/O component 1116 also facilitates the inputof audio signals through a microphone to record data and/or telephonyvoice data, and for inputting voice signals for telephone conversations.

The handset 1100 can include a slot interface 1118 for accommodating aSIC (Subscriber Identity Component) in the form factor of a cardSubscriber Identity Module (SIM) or universal SIM 1120, and interfacingthe SIM card 1120 with the processor 1102. However, it is to beappreciated that the SIM card 1120 can be manufactured into the handset1100, and updated by downloading data and software.

The handset 1100 can process IP data traffic through the communicationscomponent 1110 to accommodate IP traffic from an IP network such as, forexample, the Internet, a corporate intranet, a home network, a personarea network, etc., through an ISP or broadband cable provider. Thus,VoIP traffic can be utilized by the handset 1100 and IP-based multimediacontent can be received in either an encoded or a decoded format.

A video processing component 1122 (e.g., a camera) can be provided fordecoding encoded multimedia content. The video processing component 1122can aid in facilitating the generation, editing, and sharing of videoquotes. The handset 1100 also includes a power source 1124 in the formof batteries and/or an AC power subsystem, which power source 1124 caninterface to an external power system or charging equipment (not shown)by a power I/O component 1126.

The handset 1100 can also include a video component 1130 for processingvideo content received and, for recording and transmitting videocontent. For example, the video component 1130 can facilitate thegeneration, editing and sharing of video quotes. A location trackingcomponent 1132 facilitates geographically locating the handset 1100. Asdescribed hereinabove, this can occur when the user initiates thefeedback signal automatically or manually. A user input component 1134facilitates the user initiating the quality feedback signal. The userinput component 1134 can also facilitate the generation, editing andsharing of video quotes. The user input component 1134 can include suchconventional input device technologies such as a keypad, keyboard,mouse, stylus pen, and/or touch screen, for example.

Referring again to the applications 1106, a hysteresis component 1136facilitates the analysis and processing of hysteresis data, which isutilized to determine when to associate with the access point. Asoftware trigger component 1138 can be provided that facilitatestriggering of the hysteresis component 1136 when the Wi-Fi transceiver1113 detects the beacon of the access point. A SIP client 1140 enablesthe handset 1100 to support SIP protocols and register the subscriberwith the SIP registrar server. The applications 1106 can also include aclient 1142 that provides at least the capability of discovery, play andstore of multimedia content, for example, music.

The handset 1100, as indicated above related to the communicationscomponent 1110, includes an indoor network radio transceiver 1113 (e.g.,Wi-Fi transceiver). This function supports the indoor radio link, suchas IEEE 802.11, for the dual-mode GSM handset 1100. The handset 1100 canaccommodate at least satellite radio services through a handset that cancombine wireless voice and digital radio chipsets into a single handhelddevice.

Referring now to FIG. 12, illustrated is an example block diagram of anexample computer 1200 operable to engage in a system architecture thatfacilitates wireless communications according to one or more embodimentsdescribed herein. The computer 1200 can provide networking andcommunication capabilities between a wired or wireless communicationnetwork and a server (e.g., Microsoft server) and/or communicationdevice. In order to provide additional context for various aspectsthereof, FIG. 12 and the following discussion are intended to provide abrief, general description of a suitable computing environment in whichthe various aspects of the innovation can be implemented to facilitatethe establishment of a transaction between an entity and a third party.While the description above is in the general context ofcomputer-executable instructions that can run on one or more computers,those skilled in the art will recognize that the innovation also can beimplemented in combination with other program modules and/or as acombination of hardware and software.

Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, datastructures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particularabstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciatethat the inventive methods can be practiced with other computer systemconfigurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor computersystems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personalcomputers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based orprogrammable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can beoperatively coupled to one or more associated devices.

The illustrated aspects of the innovation can also be practiced indistributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed byremote processing devices that are linked through a communicationsnetwork. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can belocated in both local and remote memory storage devices.

Computing devices typically include a variety of media, which caninclude computer-readable storage media or communications media, whichtwo terms are used herein differently from one another as follows.

Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media thatcan be accessed by the computer and includes both volatile andnonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example,and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implementedin connection with any method or technology for storage of informationsuch as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structureddata, or unstructured data. Computer-readable storage media can include,but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memorytechnology, CD ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical diskstorage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage orother magnetic storage devices, or other tangible and/or non-transitorymedia which can be used to store desired information. Computer-readablestorage media can be accessed by one or more local or remote computingdevices, e.g., via access requests, queries or other data retrievalprotocols, for a variety of operations with respect to the informationstored by the medium.

Communications media can embody computer-readable instructions, datastructures, program modules, or other structured or unstructured data ina data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrier wave orother transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery ortransport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signals refers to asignal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed insuch a manner as to encode information in one or more signals. By way ofexample, and not limitation, communication media include wired media,such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless mediasuch as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.

The techniques described herein can be applied to any device or set ofdevices (machines) capable of running programs and processes. It can beunderstood, therefore, that servers including physical and/or virtualmachines, personal computers, laptops, handheld, portable and othercomputing devices and computing objects of all kinds including cellphones, tablet/slate computers, gaming/entertainment consoles and thelike are contemplated for use in connection with various implementationsincluding those exemplified herein. Accordingly, the general purposecomputing mechanism described below with reference to FIG. 12 is but oneexample of a computing device.

In order to provide a context for the various aspects of the disclosedsubject matter, FIG. 12 and the following discussion, are intended toprovide a brief, general description of a suitable environment in whichthe various aspects of the disclosed subject matter can be implemented.While the subject matter has been described above in the general contextof computer-executable instructions of a computer program that runs on acomputer and/or computers, those skilled in the art will recognize thatthe disclosed subject matter also can be implemented in combination withother program modules. Generally, program modules include routines,programs, components, data structures, etc. that perform particulartasks and/or implement particular abstract data types.

In the subject specification, terms such as “store,” “storage,” “datastore,” data storage,” “database,” and substantially any otherinformation storage component relevant to operation and functionality ofa component, refer to “memory components,” or entities embodied in a“memory” or components comprising the memory. It will be appreciatedthat the memory components described herein can be either volatilememory or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile andnonvolatile memory, by way of illustration, and not limitation, volatilememory 1220 (see below), non-volatile memory 1222 (see below), diskstorage 1224 (see below), and memory storage 1246 (see below). Further,nonvolatile memory can be included in read only memory (ROM),programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM),electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory caninclude random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory.By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in manyforms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronousDRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM(ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM).Additionally, the disclosed memory components of systems or methodsherein are intended to comprise, without being limited to comprising,these and any other suitable types of memory.

Moreover, it will be noted that the disclosed subject matter can bepracticed with other computer system configurations, includingsingle-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, mini-computingdevices, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-heldcomputing devices (e.g., PDA, phone, watch, tablet computers, netbookcomputers, . . . ), microprocessor-based or programmable consumer orindustrial electronics, and the like. The illustrated aspects can alsobe practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks areperformed by remote processing devices that are linked through acommunications network; however, some if not all aspects of the subjectdisclosure can be practiced on stand-alone computers. In a distributedcomputing environment, program modules can be located in both local andremote memory storage devices.

FIG. 12 illustrates a block diagram of a computing system 1200 operableto execute the disclosed systems and methods in accordance with anembodiment. Computer 1212, which can be, for example, part of thehardware of system 1220, includes a processing unit 1214, a systemmemory 1216, and a system bus 1218. System bus 1218 couples systemcomponents including, but not limited to, system memory 1216 toprocessing unit 1214. Processing unit 1214 can be any of variousavailable processors. Dual microprocessors and other multiprocessorarchitectures also can be employed as processing unit 1214.

System bus 1218 can be any of several types of bus structure(s)including a memory bus or a memory controller, a peripheral bus or anexternal bus, and/or a local bus using any variety of available busarchitectures including, but not limited to, Industrial StandardArchitecture (ISA), Micro-Channel Architecture (MSA), Extended ISA(EISA), Intelligent Drive Electronics, VESA Local Bus (VLB), PeripheralComponent Interconnect (PCI), Card Bus, Universal Serial Bus (USB),Advanced Graphics Port (AGP), Personal Computer Memory CardInternational Association bus (PCMCIA), Firewire (IEEE 1394), and SmallComputer Systems Interface (SCSI).

System memory 1216 can include volatile memory 1220 and nonvolatilememory 1222. A basic input/output system (BIOS), containing routines totransfer information between elements within computer 1212, such asduring start-up, can be stored in nonvolatile memory 1222. By way ofillustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory 1222 can includeROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, or flash memory. Volatile memory 1220 includesRAM, which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and notlimitation, RAM is available in many forms such as SRAM, dynamic RAM(DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM),enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), Rambus direct RAM(RDRAM), direct Rambus dynamic RAM (DRDRAM), and Rambus dynamic RAM(RDRAM).

Computer 1212 can also include removable/non-removable,volatile/non-volatile computer storage media. FIG. 12 illustrates, forexample, disk storage 1224. Disk storage 1224 includes, but is notlimited to, devices like a magnetic disk drive, floppy disk drive, tapedrive, flash memory card, or memory stick. In addition, disk storage1224 can include storage media separately or in combination with otherstorage media including, but not limited to, an optical disk drive suchas a compact disk ROM device (CD-ROM), CD recordable drive (CD-R Drive),CD rewritable drive (CD-RW Drive) or a digital versatile disk ROM drive(DVD-ROM). To facilitate connection of the disk storage devices 1224 tosystem bus 1218, a removable or non-removable interface is typicallyused, such as interface 1226.

Computing devices typically include a variety of media, which caninclude computer-readable storage media or communications media, whichtwo terms are used herein differently from one another as follows.

Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media thatcan be accessed by the computer and includes both volatile andnonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example,and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implementedin connection with any method or technology for storage of informationsuch as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structureddata, or unstructured data. Computer-readable storage media can include,but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM), read only memory(ROM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM),flash memory or other memory technology, solid state drive (SSD) orother solid-state storage technology, compact disk read only memory (CDROM), digital versatile disk (DVD), Blu-ray disc or other optical diskstorage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage orother magnetic storage devices or other tangible and/or non-transitorymedia which can be used to store desired information. In this regard,the terms “tangible” or “non-transitory” herein as applied to storage,memory or computer-readable media, are to be understood to exclude onlypropagating transitory signals per se as modifiers and do not relinquishrights to all standard storage, memory or computer-readable media thatare not only propagating transitory signals per se. In an aspect,tangible media can include non-transitory media wherein the term“non-transitory” herein as may be applied to storage, memory orcomputer-readable media, is to be understood to exclude only propagatingtransitory signals per se as a modifier and does not relinquish coverageof all standard storage, memory or computer-readable media that are notonly propagating transitory signals per se. For the avoidance of doubt,the term “computer-readable storage device” is used and defined hereinto exclude transitory media. Computer-readable storage media can beaccessed by one or more local or remote computing devices, e.g., viaaccess requests, queries or other data retrieval protocols, for avariety of operations with respect to the information stored by themedium.

Communications media typically embody computer-readable instructions,data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructureddata in a data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrierwave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information deliveryor transport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signals refersto a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changedin such a manner as to encode information in one or more signals. By wayof example, and not limitation, communication media include wired media,such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless mediasuch as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.

It can be noted that FIG. 12 describes software that acts as anintermediary between users and computer resources described in suitableoperating environment 1200. Such software includes an operating system1228. Operating system 1228, which can be stored on disk storage 1224,acts to control and allocate resources of computer system 1212. Systemapplications 1230 take advantage of the management of resources byoperating system 1228 through program modules 1232 and program data 1234stored either in system memory 1216 or on disk storage 1224. It is to benoted that the disclosed subject matter can be implemented with variousoperating systems or combinations of operating systems.

A user can enter commands or information into computer 1212 throughinput device(s) 1236. As an example, a mobile device and/or portabledevice can include a user interface embodied in a touch sensitivedisplay panel allowing a user to interact with computer 1212. Inputdevices 1236 include, but are not limited to, a pointing device such asa mouse, trackball, stylus, touch pad, keyboard, microphone, joystick,game pad, satellite dish, scanner, TV tuner card, digital camera,digital video camera, web camera, cell phone, smartphone, tabletcomputer, etc. These and other input devices connect to processing unit1214 through system bus 1218 by way of interface port(s) 1238. Interfaceport(s) 1238 include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, agame port, a universal serial bus (USB), an infrared port, a Bluetoothport, an IP port, or a logical port associated with a wireless service,etc. Output device(s) 1240 and a move use some of the same type of portsas input device(s) 1236.

Thus, for example, a USB port can be used to provide input to computer1212 and to output information from computer 1212 to an output device1240. Output adapter 1242 is provided to illustrate that there are someoutput devices 1240 like monitors, speakers, and printers, among otheroutput devices 1240, which use special adapters. Output adapters 1242include, by way of illustration and not limitation, video and soundcards that provide means of connection between output device 1240 andsystem bus 1218. It should be noted that other devices and/or systems ofdevices provide both input and output capabilities such as remotecomputer(s) 1244.

Computer 1212 can operate in a networked environment using logicalconnections to one or more remote computers, such as remote computer(s)1244. Remote computer(s) 1244 can be a personal computer, a server, arouter, a network PC, cloud storage, cloud service, a workstation, amicroprocessor based appliance, a peer device, or other common networknode and the like, and typically includes many or all of the elementsdescribed relative to computer 1212.

For purposes of brevity, only a memory storage device 1246 isillustrated with remote computer(s) 1244. Remote computer(s) 1244 islogically connected to computer 1212 through a network interface 1248and then physically connected by way of communication connection 1250.Network interface 1248 encompasses wire and/or wireless communicationnetworks such as local-area networks (LAN) and wide-area networks (WAN).LAN technologies include Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), CopperDistributed Data Interface (CDDI), Ethernet, Token Ring and the like.WAN technologies include, but are not limited to, point-to-point links,circuit-switching networks like Integrated Services Digital Networks(ISDN) and variations thereon, packet switching networks, and DigitalSubscriber Lines (DSL). As noted below, wireless technologies may beused in addition to or in place of the foregoing.

Communication connection(s) 1250 refer(s) to hardware/software employedto connect network interface 1248 to bus 1218. While communicationconnection 1250 is shown for illustrative clarity inside computer 1212,it can also be external to computer 1212. The hardware/software forconnection to network interface 1248 can include, for example, internaland external technologies such as modems, including regular telephonegrade modems, cable modems and DSL modems, ISDN adapters, and Ethernetcards.

The above description of illustrated embodiments of the subjectdisclosure, including what is described in the Abstract, is not intendedto be exhaustive or to limit the disclosed embodiments to the preciseforms disclosed. While specific embodiments and examples are describedherein for illustrative purposes, various modifications are possiblethat are considered within the scope of such embodiments and examples,as those skilled in the relevant art can recognize.

In this regard, while the disclosed subject matter has been described inconnection with various embodiments and corresponding Figures, whereapplicable, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments can beused or modifications and additions can be made to the describedembodiments for performing the same, similar, alternative, or substitutefunction of the disclosed subject matter without deviating therefrom.Therefore, the disclosed subject matter should not be limited to anysingle embodiment described herein, but rather should be construed inbreadth and scope in accordance with the appended claims below.

As it employed in the subject specification, the term “processor” canrefer to substantially any computing processing unit or devicecomprising, but not limited to comprising, single-core processors;single-processors with software multithread execution capability;multi-core processors; multi-core processors with software multithreadexecution capability; multi-core processors with hardware multithreadtechnology; parallel platforms; and parallel platforms with distributedshared memory. Additionally, a processor can refer to an integratedcircuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digitalsignal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), aprogrammable logic controller (PLC), a complex programmable logic device(CPLD), a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardwarecomponents, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functionsdescribed herein. Processors can exploit nano-scale architectures suchas, but not limited to, molecular and quantum-dot based transistors,switches and gates, in order to optimize space usage or enhanceperformance of user equipment. A processor may also be implemented as acombination of computing processing units.

In the subject specification, terms such as “store,” “storage,” “datastore,” data storage,” “database,” and substantially any otherinformation storage component relevant to operation and functionality ofa component, refer to “memory components,” or entities embodied in a“memory” or components comprising the memory. It will be appreciatedthat the memory components described herein can be either volatilememory or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile andnonvolatile memory.

As used in this application, the terms “component,” “system,”“platform,” “layer,” “selector,” “interface,” and the like are intendedto refer to a computer-related entity or an entity related to anoperational apparatus with one or more specific functionalities, whereinthe entity can be either hardware, a combination of hardware andsoftware, software, or software in execution. As an example, a componentmay be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, aprocessor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program,and/or a computer. By way of illustration and not limitation, both anapplication running on a server and the server can be a component. Oneor more components may reside within a process and/or thread ofexecution and a component may be localized on one computer and/ordistributed between two or more computers. In addition, these componentscan execute from various computer readable media, device readablestorage devices, or machine readable media having various datastructures stored thereon. The components may communicate via localand/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having oneor more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting withanother component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across anetwork such as the Internet with other systems via the signal). Asanother example, a component can be an apparatus with specificfunctionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electric orelectronic circuitry, which is operated by a software or firmwareapplication executed by a processor, wherein the processor can beinternal or external to the apparatus and executes at least a part ofthe software or firmware application. As yet another example, acomponent can be an apparatus that provides specific functionalitythrough electronic components without mechanical parts, the electroniccomponents can include a processor therein to execute software orfirmware that confers at least in part the functionality of theelectronic components.

In addition, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” ratherthan an exclusive “or.” That is, unless specified otherwise, or clearfrom context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the naturalinclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or Xemploys both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any ofthe foregoing instances. Moreover, articles “a” and “an” as used in thesubject specification and annexed drawings should generally be construedto mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from contextto be directed to a singular form.

Moreover, terms like “user equipment (UE),” “mobile station,” “mobile,”subscriber station,” “subscriber equipment,” “access terminal,”“terminal,” “handset,” and similar terminology, refer to a wirelessdevice utilized by a subscriber or user of a wireless communicationservice to receive or convey data, control, voice, video, sound, gaming,or substantially any data-stream or signaling-stream. The foregoingterms are utilized interchangeably in the subject specification andrelated drawings. Likewise, the terms “access point (AP),” “basestation,” “NodeB,” “evolved Node B (eNodeB),” “home Node B (HNB),” “homeaccess point (HAP),” “cell device,” “sector,” “cell,” and the like, areutilized interchangeably in the subject application, and refer to awireless network component or appliance that serves and receives data,control, voice, video, sound, gaming, or substantially any data-streamor signaling-stream to and from a set of subscriber stations or providerenabled devices. Data and signaling streams can include packetized orframe-based flows.

Additionally, the terms “core-network”, “core”, “core carrier network”,“carrier-side”, or similar terms can refer to components of atelecommunications network that typically provides some or all ofaggregation, authentication, call control and switching, charging,service invocation, or gateways. Aggregation can refer to the highestlevel of aggregation in a service provider network wherein the nextlevel in the hierarchy under the core nodes is the distribution networksand then the edge networks. UEs do not normally connect directly to thecore networks of a large service provider but can be routed to the coreby way of a switch or radio area network. Authentication can refer todeterminations regarding whether the user requesting a service from thetelecom network is authorized to do so within this network or not. Callcontrol and switching can refer determinations related to the futurecourse of a call stream across carrier equipment based on the callsignal processing. Charging can be related to the collation andprocessing of charging data generated by various network nodes. Twocommon types of charging mechanisms found in present day networks can beprepaid charging and postpaid charging. Service invocation can occurbased on some explicit action (e.g. call transfer) or implicitly (e.g.,call waiting). It is to be noted that service “execution” may or may notbe a core network functionality as third party network/nodes may takepart in actual service execution. A gateway can be present in the corenetwork to access other networks. Gateway functionality can be dependenton the type of the interface with another network.

Furthermore, the terms “user,” “subscriber,” “customer,” “consumer,”“prosumer,” “agent,” and the like are employed interchangeablythroughout the subject specification, unless context warrants particulardistinction(s) among the terms. It should be appreciated that such termscan refer to human entities or automated components (e.g., supportedthrough artificial intelligence, as through a capacity to makeinferences based on complex mathematical formalisms), that can providesimulated vision, sound recognition and so forth.

Aspects, features, or advantages of the subject matter can be exploitedin substantially any, or any, wired, broadcast, wirelesstelecommunication, radio technology or network, or combinations thereof.Non-limiting examples of such technologies or networks include Geocasttechnology; broadcast technologies (e.g., sub-Hz, ELF, VLF, LF, MF, HF,VHF, UHF, SHF, THz broadcasts, etc.); Ethernet; X.25; powerline-typenetworking (e.g., PowerLine AV Ethernet, etc.); femto-cell technology;Wi-Fi; Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX); EnhancedGeneral Packet Radio Service (Enhanced GPRS); Third GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP or 3G) Long Term Evolution (LTE); 3GPPUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) or 3GPP UMTS; ThirdGeneration Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB);High Speed Packet Access (HSPA); High Speed Downlink Packet Access(HSDPA); High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA); GSM Enhanced DataRates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) Radio Access Network (RAN) or GERAN; UMTSTerrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN); or LTE Advanced.

What has been described above includes examples of systems and methodsillustrative of the disclosed subject matter. It is, of course, notpossible to describe every combination of components or methods herein.One of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many furthercombinations and permutations of the disclosure are possible.Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “includes,” “has,”“possesses,” and the like are used in the detailed description, claims,appendices and drawings such terms are intended to be inclusive in amanner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpretedwhen employed as a transitional word in a claim.

While the various embodiments are susceptible to various modificationsand alternative constructions, certain illustrated implementationsthereof are shown in the drawings and have been described above indetail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intention tolimit the various embodiments to the specific forms disclosed, but onthe contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, alternativeconstructions, and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope ofthe various embodiments.

In addition to the various implementations described herein, it is to beunderstood that other similar implementations can be used ormodifications and additions can be made to the describedimplementation(s) for performing the same or equivalent function of thecorresponding implementation(s) without deviating therefrom. Stillfurther, multiple processing chips or multiple devices can share theperformance of one or more functions described herein, and similarly,storage can be effected across a plurality of devices. Accordingly, theinvention is not to be limited to any single implementation, but ratheris to be construed in breadth, spirit and scope in accordance with theappended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A radio network device, comprising: a processor;and a memory that stores executable instructions that, when executed bythe processor, facilitate performance of operations, the operationscomprising: determining that a current interleaving of datacommunications between the radio network device and a user equipment isno longer requested; and in response to the determining, communicatingadaptive interleaving information to the user equipment that instructsthe user equipment to turn off adaptive interleaving at the userequipment, and communicating non-interleaved communications data betweenthe network device and the user equipment.
 2. The radio network deviceof claim 1, wherein the determining comprises determining that thecurrent interleaving of data communications between the radio networkdevice and the user equipment no longer improves data communicationperformance between the radio network device and the user equipment. 3.The radio network device of claim 1, wherein the determining comprisesdetermining that the current interleaving of data communications betweenthe radio network device and the user equipment introduces undesirablelatency.
 4. The radio network device of claim 1, wherein the determiningcomprises determining that the current interleaving of datacommunications between the radio network device and the user equipmentadds latency that is determined to negate improved data communicationperformance between the radio network device and the user equipment fromthe current interleaving.
 5. The radio network device of claim 1,wherein the operations further comprise deactivating an adaptiveinterleaver at the radio network device.
 6. The radio network device ofclaim 1, wherein the determining that the current interleaving of datacommunications between the radio network device is no longer desirablecomprises evaluating condition information related to the userequipment.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the evaluating thecondition information comprises evaluating at least one value from agroup of values, the group comprising a Doppler metric estimatecorresponding to a speed of the user equipment, a signal quality measureover a time duration, a path loss measure of the user equipment, atransmission rank currently in use, a resource block utilization valuefrom user equipment resource block utilization data over a timeduration, or traffic pattern value from user equipment traffic patterndata over the time duration.
 8. A method, comprising: determining, by aradio network device of a wireless network and comprising a processor,that a current interleaving of data communications between the radionetwork device and a user equipment is no longer desirable; and inresponse to the determining, communicating, by the radio network device,adaptive interleaving information to the user equipment that instructsthe user equipment to turn off adaptive interleaving at the userequipment, and communicating, by the radio network device,non-interleaved communications data between the network device and theuser equipment.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the determiningcomprises determining that the current interleaving of datacommunications between the radio network device and a user equipment nolonger improves data communication performance between the radio networkdevice and the user equipment.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein thedetermining comprises determining that the current interleaving of datacommunications between the radio network device and the user equipmentintroduces undesirable latency.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein thedetermining comprises determining that the current interleaving of datacommunications between the radio network device and the user equipmentadds latency that is determined to negate improved data communicationperformance between the radio network device and the user equipment fromthe current interleaving.
 12. The method of claim 8, further comprisingdeactivating, by the radio network device, an adaptive interleaver atthe radio network device.
 13. The method of claim 8, wherein thedetermining that the current interleaving of data communications betweenthe radio network device is no longer desirable comprises evaluatingcondition information related to the user equipment.
 14. The method ofclaim 13, wherein the evaluating the condition information comprisesevaluating at least one value from a group of values, the groupcomprising a Doppler metric estimate corresponding to a speed of theuser equipment, a signal quality measure over a time duration, a pathloss measure of the user equipment, a transmission rank currently inuse, a resource block utilization value from user equipment resourceblock utilization data over a time duration, or traffic pattern valuefrom user equipment traffic pattern data over the time duration.
 15. Amachine-readable storage medium, comprising executable instructionsthat, when executed by a processor of a radio network device, facilitateperformance of operations, the operations comprising: determining that acurrent interleaving of data communications between the radio networkdevice and a user equipment is no longer desirable; and in response tothe determining, communicating adaptive interleaving information to theuser equipment that instructs the user equipment to turn off adaptiveinterleaving at the user equipment, and communicating non-interleavedcommunications data between the network device and the user equipment.16. The radio network device of claim 15, wherein the determiningcomprises determining that the current interleaving of datacommunications between the radio network device and a user equipment nolonger improves data communication performance between the radio networkdevice and the user equipment.
 17. The radio network device of claim 15,wherein the determining comprises determining that the currentinterleaving of data communications between the radio network device andthe user equipment introduces undesirable latency.
 18. The radio networkdevice of claim 15, wherein the determining comprises determining thatthe current interleaving of data communications between the radionetwork device and the user equipment adds latency that is determined tonegate improved data communication performance between the radio networkdevice and the user equipment from the current interleaving.
 19. Theradio network device of claim 15, wherein the operations furthercomprise deactivating an adaptive interleaver at the radio networkdevice.
 20. The radio network device of claim 15, wherein thedetermining that the current interleaving of data communications betweenthe radio network device is no longer desirable comprises evaluatingcondition information related to the user equipment.